For a long time, I’ve thought
that anthropologists and archaeologists tend to make a lot of grandiose and
sweeping claims regarding the origins of culture and human society which they
can’t really substantiate. At last, I’ve found an anthropologist and an
archaeologist who seem to agree with me.
THE DAWN OF EVERYTHING: A NEW
HISTORY OF HUMANITY by David Graeber & David Wengrow (Penguin,
2022)
From the summer of 1994 to the
summer of 1997, I was a student studying for a BSc in Anthropology at the
University of East London (UEL). The Anthropology Department at UEL was staffed
by academics who described themselves as Marxists. They maintained that what
they were teaching us was ‘radical anthropology.’ One of the tutors was Chris
Knight, an anthropologist who had come up with a novel idea for the origins of
culture being linked to menstruation: – a theory which he maintained could be
proved by meta studies of language and mythology, etc., wherein modern human
societies had evolved out of a matriarchal primogenitor; presumably some long
forgotten band of proto-communist hominids who had emerged ‘Out of Africa’ in
the long dark and distantly remote millennia located at the other end of human
prehistory. Folk memories of which, he maintained, still echo down the
generations in common culturally-shared tales of myth and folklore. He called
his theory the ‘sex strike’ theory, and he set out his elaborate thesis in a
hefty scholarly tome, titled, Blood Relations: Menstruation and the Origins
of Culture (Yale University Press, 1991). This was the bible which we
undergraduates were all expected to buy, imbibe, absorb, and adhere to, as well
as to generally espouse as new radical anthropological-evangelists – especially
(it was taken as tacitly read), if we wished to do well in our essays and the
final exams, thereby earning our degrees.
It was an extremely
well-choreographed curriculum, a slick syllabus which was very deftly delivered
by a bunch of very clever and adept academics. In the first year we were all
generally wowed, bowled over, utterly enthralled and completely taken in. But
some students among our cohort began to have their doubts at some point or
other during the second year of our studies. In the third year some even began
to openly rebel. And, of course, the result was a graduating class neatly
differentiated into thirds, two-twos, two-ones, and firsts, with the weightier
majority of sceptics grouped at the lower end of this academic scale, and the
few fully-paid up acolytes rewarded for their open homages to the guru in the
rarefied elite group of first-class honours (a grand total of three out of
thirty-or-so graduates, if I recall correctly). I was a lower-middling sceptic,
who, having sought to divert and dilute my degree with as many scientific
archaeology electives (run by the Environmental Science Department at UEL’s
Stratford Campus) as I was permitted to take, somehow emerged at the other end
of it all having gained myself a ‘Desmond’ (i.e. – a two-two).
Looking back, it was a truly
bizarre and intellectually beguiling three years. I remember sitting and rather
squeamishly watching what felt like a glacially-paced film screening of two
Yanomami Indians with pudding bowl haircuts, somewhere deep in the Amazon, repeatedly
bashing each other over the head with long wooden poles. It looked like a much
more violent and far less funny version of Monty Python’s fish slapping dance.
I remember wondering what I was meant to make of it all. Looking back now, it
seems like an apt metaphor for my three years as an anthropology student. However,
I no longer dismiss those three years quite as diffidently as I probably did at
the time. Undoubtedly, I did learn a lot during my undergraduate degree, and
what I learnt is something I’ve reflected upon and probably continued to adapt
over the course of the intervening decades.
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| Karl Marx |
Certainly, when I returned to
university (after some 15 or so ‘gap years’) to study for an MA degree in World
History, all that early grounding in Marxist theory meant reading Eric Hobsbawm
made a lot more sense than I’d expected it would. During my BSc, I had become
very interested in one area of anthropology which UEL termed as ‘cultures of
dominance and cultures of resistance.’ And, rather naively, I thought I’d
stolen an intellectual march upon my tutors by writing a short dissertation explaining
the success of the 1989 ‘Velvet Revolution’ in Czechoslovakia using Gramscian-Marxist
theories of hegemony and power. I really enjoyed researching and writing this particular piece, and it seemed all the more ironic to me that I did so while
sitting at one of the desks in the old Round Reading Room of the British
Library, where Karl Marx himself famously used to sit reading and scribbling.
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| The Round Reading Room, The British Library |
But the truth was, much of my
undergraduate studies completely befuddled me. I’d really wanted to study for a
joint anthropology and archaeology degree at Durham University, but things had
gone awry with my A-levels. And so, after running the grim gauntlet of
‘clearing’ (in which I very nearly got into SOAS), I ended up at UEL feeling utterly thwarted. One good thing about
UEL though, was that the timetable was very compact. It was usually condensed
into just two- or three-days attendance per week. This meant that during my
undergraduate years I was able to spend a lot of my time working as a volunteer
at the British Museum, and I also spent a month each summer camping on
archaeological excavations in the UK, which is where I really wanted to be.
Consequently, much of what I was taught at UEL seemed like it was a diversion
from what I was properly interested in.
That diversion, I realise now, was essentially
the theoretical side of things. I mistakenly thought I was solely interested in
the ‘material culture’ aspect of our remote past, but the truth is (and always
was) that there’s no divorcing the two aspects. Material remains only tell you
so much. It’s true that a lot can be revealed from sophisticated scientific
analysis: – for example, examining dental enamel from a skeleton can tell you
that the person whose grave was excavated at Site X actually grew up and spent
most of their life living at Site Y, which is mind-blowing because Site X and Y
are thousands of miles apart and there’s nothing else associated with that
grave which could have told you this remarkable fact about the physical
mobility of both individuals and broader populations at this time. Although,
that said, I did find it unconscionably tedious to sit through lecture-after-lecture
on the slow multi-millennia-long evolution of emmer wheat, which it seemed as
though it was being taught in real time! – But in many ways, listening to
outlandish theories about how human culture had evolved out of a system of
collective social coercion which was codified in cyclical systems relating to
menstruation, sororal solidarity, and the phases of the moon seemed oddly mind-bending
in an altogether totally different direction, and a trifle too speculative for
some of us even as still wet-behind-the-ear undergraduates. As far as theories
go, this one certainly qualified as being firmly ‘out there’ on the fringes. I
took very few notes during my third year. Instead, I mostly sat there listening
to our lecturers with a somewhat baffled sense of intense concentration, and at
the end of each lecture my conclusions always seemed to amount to the same
response, which was: “But how can you possibly know that for sure?”
It was only much, much later on in
life that I came to realise that this is the point of the
humanities. Even subjects such as archaeology, anthropology, and history, which
draw on concrete aspects of science and scientific practices, are essentially
nothing more than plausible fictions – ideas, opinions, theories – it’s
as simple as that. Though some practitioners in these fields might evangelically
espouse their academic revelatory notions as some sort of gnostic gospel truth
which we should all revere and adhere to as the ‘be-all, end-all’ answer to the
ultimate questions concerning the origins of life, the universe and everything
– it’s still only a theory, their theory. It’s simply one theory among
many which have gone before, and one which will be followed by many more still to
come.
It was the cult-like hagiographical
obeisance that came with the theory which really turned me off and caused me to
tune out, although not drastically enough to make me drop out. I hung on in
there. Partly, because it was a circus which, nevertheless, could still
entertain even the most sceptical of minds. I clearly remember the closing
moment of the final lecture for my BSc, when one of our tutors had wowed us for
one last time with such a grand epiphany-like conclusion to their showman-like
exposition, explaining some all-encompassing aspect of life rooted in the long
lost deep-time of human prehistory, and one of my (by now deeply-jaded) fellow-students
raised his hand and asked: “Yeah, that’s all very interesting, but where do
the Spice Girls fit into all of that?” --- To which the long-suffering
tutor concluded his lecture by telling my fellow student (and former housemate)
to “F*ck off!” --- It was certainly a radical and rather
definitive ending to three very long but ultimately intellectually-formative
years.
Consequently, reading the first
chapter of David Graeber and David Wengrow’s The Dawn of Everything: A New
History of Humanity (Penguin, 2022) instantly catapulted me back to that
1930s-era lecture hall at UEL’s old Barking campus. Here was a book, at long
last, which seemed to be echoing my baffled bemusement. A book which was also
asking: “But how can you possibly know that?” – A book which was at last
finally holding up a mirror to what (to coin a David Graeber-like phrase) I’d
long thought of as being bullsh*t anthropology.
Graeber and Wengrow’s book begins
by stating that: “Most of human history is irreparably lost to us. Our
species, Homo sapiens, has existed for at least 200,000 years, but for most of
that time we have next to no idea what was happening. In northern Spain, for
instance, at the cave of Altamira, paintings and engravings were created over a
period of at least 10,000 years, between around 25,000 and 15,000 BC.
Presumably, a lot of dramatic events occurred during this period. We have no
way of knowing what most of them were.” – How fantastically refreshing. A
book about everything which starts by stating that we know nothing
as a point of fact! – But, of course, there has to be more to it than that.
After all, how else could this book be over 700 pages long? – How the heck is
it going to make sense of all of this unknowable stuff?
Well. This is a very smart book.
One which balances both exegesis and exposition. Hence it should be read
not so much in search of concrete answers, but perhaps more in quest of
cognitive challenges. It walks a surprisingly genial line between hermeneutics
and teleology (largely by means of avoiding the use of such words). It’s a real
joy to read. An intelligently clear and conversational book. One which
encourages us to engage with our own dialectical processes of reasoning:
telling us that the answers we seek matter only if we give equal weight to the
questions which beget those answers; prompting us to wonder why such questions
need asking at all? – In essence, it is all a matter of perspectives. And, of
course, awareness. Maintaining an awareness that individual and collective
personal, social and cultural biases pervade all levels of critical thinking.
In many ways, we are simply blind to our own blind spots. But we can escape
this ever-decreasing circle.
In order to demonstrate this, the
two Davids go back to the supposed rational objectivity of Enlightenment
thinkers, such as Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, looking at their
engagement with little-known contemporary world-views as were then held by the relatively
recently encountered cultures of the New World. Asking not how the assumed
proto-communist equality of our early ancestors was lost, and thereby wondering
how inequalities within our societies first arose; but rather, asking why it was
(and still is) assumed that we began our social evolution in these egalitarian
bands of early hunter-gatherers? – Graeber and Wengrow speculate that perhaps
the Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, fraternity (within distinctly
defined limits and constraints) came into being as a response to the
interactions of colonial settlers and missionaries with the Amerindian
populations they encountered in the New World.
It’s a fascinating reversal. And it
is also a far cry from what I was taught as an anthropology undergraduate back in
the mid-1990s. At that time the theoretical-side of physical anthropology was
alive with debates between those who believed the ‘Out of Africa’ theory,
advocated by anthropologists such as Chris Stringer and my own tutors at UEL,
and those who adhered to the ‘multi-regional evolution’ theory of equally
eminent scholars such as Milford Wolpoff, and also Lewis Binford’s ‘new
archaeology’, which redefined processual approaches to the study of material culture.
Elaine Morgan even came and gave us a special lecture on her ‘aquatic ape’
theory – a lecture which was partly disrupted by some Islamic fundamentalist
students, who were regularly causing problems at UEL at that time (… I’ve often
wondered in recent years what became of those guys and where they are today).
Richard Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene (1976), a major scientific
recalibration of Darwinian evolution, was a much-venerated text at this time at
UEL too. The (then still relatively recent) DNA-sequencing findings regarding
so-called ‘mitochondrial Eve’ were helping to bolster the popular image of the
African Rift Valley as some sort of Garden of Eden for early humanity. And the eponymous
Australopithecus, known as ‘Lucy’, along with the footprints found at Laetoli,
were the superstar protagonists of most of our essays.
But, despite the very tempting
allure of all this anthropological evangelism, I couldn’t help being niggled by
my doubts, mostly arising from the sparsity of evidence which was so thinly but
definitively staked out over such vast tracts of time – how could so much
theoretical weight be borne by the stray findings of a single fragment from an
incomplete hominid fossil dating from one distant millennium be made to quantum
leap through the aeons and marry with that found in another? – The two Davids
phrase it far better than I ever could have done so when I was writing about
all this back in 1994-1997: “If we think on a scale of, say, the last 3
million years, there actually was an age in which the lines between (what we
today think of as) human and animal were still indistinct; and when someone,
after all, did have to light a fire, cook a meal or perform a marriage ceremony
for the first time. We know these things happened. Still, we really don’t know
how. It is very difficult to resist the temptation to make up stories about
what might have happened: stories which necessarily reflect our own fears,
desires, obsessions and concerns. As a result, such distant times can become a
vast canvas for the working out of our collective fantasies.” (p.89*)
It wasn’t so much the theorisation itself
which bothered me, but rather the imperative didacticism which went with it.
The fact that we were required to nail our (preferably Marxist) colours to the
mast and expected to defend them to the death. There was no room for bourgeois
‘middle-roaders’, even though all I wanted to do was keep an ‘open mind’ to all
the different possibilities. And I guess around this time, the two Davids – who
aren’t that much different in age to me, must have been thinking the same as
fellow undergraduates in their respective institutions. As they say: “There
are phases of literally thousands of years for which the only evidence of
hominin activity we possess is a single tooth, and perhaps a handful of pieces
of shaped flint. While the technology we are capable of bringing to bear on
such remote periods improves dramatically each decade, there’s only so much you
can do with sparse material. As a result, it’s difficult to resist the
temptation to fill in the gaps, to claim we know more than we really do. When
scientists do this the results often bear a suspicious resemblance to those
very biblical narratives modern science is supposed to have cast aside.”
(p.90)
In many ways, especially when
looking at the Palaeolithic, all of this seems so massively remote that it is
surely inconsequential to our own lives as modern human beings, isn’t it? –
Well, maybe not. There is more than just a philosophical dimension to pondering
the deep past. It is also a way of reflecting upon the present. If we haven’t
always been the way we are now, what are the possibilities for the future, and
who might we yet become? – In this sense, The Dawn of Everything does
have another dimension. It seeks to go beyond a straightforward re-write of
anthropological thinking. This book does have an agenda: “There is no doubt
that something has gone terribly wrong with the world. A very small percentage
of its population do control the fates of almost everyone else, and they are
doing it in an increasingly disastrous fashion. To understand how this
situation came about, we should trace the problem back to what first made
possible the emergence of kings, priests, overseers and judges.” (p.87-88)
As already noted, modern thinking
is to a large degree rooted in the ethos born out of the Western Enlightenment.
It is a distinctly entrenched paradigm which surrounds us like a fog, but
anthropology and archaeology can help us to wake up to the fact that not everything
everywhere has been the same for all time. There are distinctly different ways
of living, of organising and operating as collectively cohesive social animals.
An excellent book, in this regard, which I value very highly is David
Turnbull’s Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers: Comparative Studies
In The Sociology Of Scientific And Indigenous Knowledge (2000), which
really does show in a series of remarkably mind-expanding modes that there are
many diverse epistemologies which can be used to understand our shared world,
as well as re-orientating our perspectives within it – from the cross-generational
collaborative means and methods by which enormous Medieval cathedrals were designed
and constructed, to the global navigational systems whose subtleties were honed,
adapted and successfully applied over centuries by Pacific islanders, regularly
migrating over vast (and seemingly featureless) tracts of open ocean, almost
like seafaring nomads. The way of the world forged in the mindset of the
Western Enlightenment is far from the only way to collectively know and
understand ourselves.
Indeed, this was also something we
looked at as part of my Anthropology BSc. I remember, during that ‘cultures of
dominance and cultures of resistance’ module I mentioned earlier, we studied
E.R. Leach’s Political Systems of Highland Burma (1954), which, when it
was first assigned to us, I thought qualified as perhaps the most boring
sounding book title in the world. But, in truth, it was utterly fascinating. It
spoke of the ways in which one society could periodically shift its social
system of governance, operating in a kind of double morphology. Echoing the
early work of Claude Lévi-Strauss on the Nambikwara in the Amazon, which Graeber
and Wengrow discuss in some detail (in Chapter 3 of The Dawn of Everything),
the Kachin of Burma regularly alternated between two organisational systems
depending on prevailing factors at different times. As Graeber himself
summarises Edmund Leach’s book (on GoodReads):
“This is an anthropological classic of the first water – and one of the
books that opened my eyes to what anthropology could be. It’s hard to explain
how reading about hill tribes in Southeast Asia where powerful people
periodically try to create little kingdoms (gumsa) in imitation of the Shan
states in the valleys, but where the complexities of their forms of agriculture
and marriage systems inevitably lead them to collapse and form democratic
republics (gumlao) again – and then the whole cycle starts all over again – but
when you read it, you are entranced. Well, okay, I was. It’s books like this
that made me want to dedicate my life to anthropology.”
Since Leach wrote way back in the
1950s, much more recently this same region has inspired a whole new
re-evaluation of so-called ‘anarchic’ states of being which has resulted in a
much debated concept, dubbed ‘Zomia’, in which certain societies situated in
the highlands of Southeast Asia have seemingly managed to avoid incorporation
into the fabric of the modern nation states that surround them without being
wholly cut-off from modernity, as is often assumed of remote Amazonian tribes
and the like. James C. Scott’s The Art of Not Being Governed (2009) is
the equally entrancing text which has sparked this revival of interest in such
matters. It’s exactly these kinds of academic reappraisals which, as the two
Davids highlight, is now causing a growing number of people to re-evaluate the
long-held assumptions that there was some sort of uniform social and political
progress within early human societies, leading from simple egalitarianism to
more complex, codified and hierarchical systems; which in turn led to
agriculture and urbanisation, then onto conquest and colonisation, etc.,
eventually resulting in the modern globalised world of capitalist, free trade
and free market economies which we know and hold today as supposedly the ‘be
all, end all’ perfection of human existence.
Essentially, we have lost sight of
how societies can and do change in order to adapt according to their shifting ecological
and economic circumstances. While I was at UEL I remember reading and writing
about two starkly contrasting studies conducted by the same anthropologist.
These ethnographies were The Forest People (1961) and The Mountain
People (1972) by Colin Turnbull, which respectively describe life among the
Mbuti and the Ik, two societies each located in vastly different regions of
Africa. The first book presents a vision of a mobile band of pygmies living an
idyllic, egalitarian, Garden of Eden-like existence, while the other confronts
the reader with a harsh and hellish, Holocaust-like vision of a violently
brutal and selfish society, having been pushed to the very brink of social
cohesion by dislocation, drought, famine and an oppressive scarcity of
resources (the Ik were previously nomadic, but had been forced to become
sedentary). Writing an essay on The Mountain People was possibly one of
the hardest things I’ve ever had to do. But it was an education in itself of
how the norms we take for granted only afford us the narrowest of views as to
what human life can be – particularly in its potentials for both good and ill.
It taught me that an appreciation for difference, and a desire to know (even if
it’s impossible to fully understand) another culture is the true gift of
studying anthropology, i.e: maintaining an openness to insight.
Ever since completing those three
years and graduating with my Anthropology BSc, I’ve had a long and troubled
relationship with my first degree. At the time it seemed like a mistake, and I
struggled with the pedagogical constraints through which it had to be
negotiated; but ultimately, I don’t regret it. If anything, it has come to
exert an ever-greater relevance to the things which I have done subsequently. I
know anthropology has shaped and informed my outlook on life in general, and it
still very much influences my approach to my continuing PhD studies as an
historian. Hence, what once seemed like a bad hand which life’s croupier had
dealt me, one that has long lingered with me like a cognitive millstone, now
seems to have been a long unappreciated gift – one which only the passing of
time has at last finally managed to unmask. As in Turnbull’s The Forest
People, seeing the sacred molimo trumpet out of context is merely a prosaic
act when contrasted with the importance of visualising what it embodies while hearing
it at the appropriately sanctioned moment in its ritualised use. Essentially,
behind the different masks of certainty which other people force us to choose
between, I believe it is possible to maintain a sense of ‘negative capability’
(as John Keats described it: that is, the ability to balance and live with
opposing or contradictory thoughts and ideas). Because this might very well be
the only thing which (paradoxically) helps us to stay sane.
Looking back, I see two experiences: one at the very end of our undergraduate degree, and the other many years later, which put this conclusion into the most quotidian of contrasts for me – posing a fundamental question which I’ve never really been able to fully answer for myself, hence why the continual relevance of such a prolonged re-evaluation remains a constant in my thinking-life:
The first was a discussion that some of
my fellow students had amongst ourselves after one of our last lectures at the
end of our final year. It was a moment marking the culmination of all of us having
spent three years steeped in a deep and meaningful appreciation of the rich,
broad cultural and political diversity of humanity in all its myriad forms.
Someone idly asked all of us what we were going to do once we’d finished our
studies that summer. Most spoke of summer jobs and then of their aspirations
towards future careers or further education: MAs, MScs, that kind of thing. But
one lad, a young Israeli boy, said he was going home to do his National Service.
Most of the group openly commiserated with him, but he looked up and quickly
rebuffed us, saying: “Oh no, I’m looking forward to it. I’ll get the chance
to shoot some Palestinians!” – There was an uneasy silence. No one was sure
if he was joking or not.
The second happened a couple of
decades later, when I was flying home to London from Seoul in South Korea. I
was sitting next to a young Korean girl, and naturally enough at some point during
the long flight we got talking. She told me she was travelling to the UK to
begin studying at university. She quizzed me on what life was like in the UK,
what my own experience had been of going to university there, and she asked me
what I’d studied. When I told her I’d studied anthropology she said it was a
subject which interested her and quizzed me further on what that was all about,
so I did my best to summarise it. When I’d finished, she asked me with a dead
straight face (the seriousness of which only just stopped me in the nick of
time from bursting into laughter): “How do you reconcile all of that with
your faith in Jesus Christ?”
Sitting back in my seat, traversing
the world at 35,000 feet, far above the immense spectrum of everyday lives
being lived out collectively and individually beneath the raft of pure white clouds
passing below us at a rapid rate of knots in that sealed metal tube with wings,
I found myself reflecting once again: how it is all too easy to take the world
at face value and not realise that we are all only ever looking into a mirror
which simply shows us what we already know and consequently take completely for
granted. There’s no seeing the wood for all the trees. No wonder, then, that
the world is such a messed-up place!
If life tends to confound our expectations, it’s no wonder we are always seeking to find the points upon which we can anchor ourselves. But the true challenge is trying to travel freely by casting those anchors aside. Attempting to see beyond that mirror, to look into other surfaces and perceive how things might be reflected differently there. For me, this book, The Dawn of Everything, is a mirror of one sort or another. I’m not sure if it represents a revelation of something new, or simply a confirmation of all the things I thought I already knew, but which previously I had no way of articulating for myself before reading it. I realise I am still very much stuck in my initial, overly-enamoured phase of admiration for this particular book. And it is a book which I’d highly recommend everybody to read. Sadly, my quasi-review here has barely even scratched the surface of all that it contains, nor have I done sufficient justice to the real aplomb with which this book is crafted. It is truly impressive (I could hardly believe my eyes, but the two authors’ description of the domestication of wheat is genuinely riveting reading!). Had he not passed away in September 2020, David Graeber could well have become for me the anthropological guru par excellence whom I’d managed so assiduously to avoid all these years!
And in this regard, I should
perhaps end by coming full-circle, to append a somewhat amusing footnote,
referring back to Chris Knight: who, despite his professed admiration for David
Graeber, has recently taken Graeber to task by rather baldly stating that: “For
David and his whole circle, I don’t exist. My book doesn’t exist, it never got
written, and it’s irrelevant.”** – Knight seems to think that Graeber
doesn’t give enough credence to the findings of ethnographers and consequently
totally misreads the most fundamental truths about hunter-gatherer societies.
Personally, I think Graeber and Wengrow’s new book does engage with all of the
issues which Knight complains about (see Chapters 4 & 6 in particular). And likewise,
according to my reading of The Dawn of Everything, I also think the two
Davids very effectively expose a lot of the speculative assumptions inherent in
‘bullsh*t anthropology’ (which I’ve complained about at length above) by underlining
my contention that speculations are all we really have to work with here. Consequently,
as with any theory regarding the origins of human society, there needs to be
enough latitude for doubt, even if they too (Graeber and Wengrow, that is) think
they’ve managed to figure it all out and have very persuasively managed to argue
their own particular case.
Ultimately, all churches – whether
sacred or secular – are founded upon faith. In the end, the only choice we each
have is deciding who we wish to follow. I guess – as with my ever-evolving reflections
upon the strange fruits of my Anthropology BSc, fruits both sweet and sour in a
world both complex and straightforward – the real test, I suppose, will be to
see what I think of this particular book in 30 years’ time. After all, it’ll be
fascinating to see where things go from here.
*NB – The page numbers I
reference above are taken from the page counter of a PDF version of the book
(which you can find here on the Internet
Archive) which gives no actual page numbers on the text itself.
**Quote taken from an address which Chris
Knight made to the Communist Party of Great Britain’s Online Communist Forum on
24 January 2021.
I have collated a playlist on YouTube of videos by and about David Graeber – including a couple of critiques of Graeber’s work by Chris Knight (as quoted above), and interviews with David Wengrow about ‘The Dawn of Everything.’ Knight has also written a blog post giving his own extensive critique of ‘The Dawn of Everything’ which you can find here: Chris Knight - Wrong About (Almost) Everything (FocaalBlog, 22 December 2021). There’s also an interesting article on some of the early critical responses to ‘The Dawn of Everything’ here in The Observer (12 June 2022). Plus a reluctantly disappointed homage, which asks 'What Happened to David Graeber?' by Crispin Sartwell, LARB (20 January 2024). And for a recent review of the current situation concerning the debate between the 'Out of Africa' vs. 'Multi-regional' models of human evolution, you can listen to Prof. Chris Stringer’s 2023 Huxley Lecture - 'Mostly Out of Africa.'
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| Trolley Hunters - Banksy |
Ring of Fire - An Indonesian Odyssey
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| Peckham Rock - Banksy |
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