Retracing Old Shanghai

 Part II

The story of my research retracing the lives of the Williamsons and the Kings begins in Shanghai. The three generations of the family all lived here for differing lengths of time at various points in their lives, and, like all foreigners in China in those days, they passed through the city on countless occasions. In 1910 Louis Magrath King was transferred to the British Consulate at Shanghai from the Legation in Peking, and, a hundred years later in 2010, I too would pass through the city en route to Kangding. But Shanghai is a starting point in more ways than one.

I first visited Shanghai in March 2006 and returned in the summer of that year, staying for over a month. It was a fortunate coincidence that just as I began my research so too I was asked to make frequent trips to China to work in various museums there. It was a remarkable opportunity to connect archives and memories with real places. Many of these trips were up to a month long in duration, which meant I got to explore and understand several cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Xi’an, quite well. It was during that first month long trip to Shanghai that I began to read up about the era of Western lead semi-colonial intrusions into China and Tibet. 

Naturally, whilst I was there, I also decided to read J.G. Ballard’s famous semi-autobiographical novel, Empire of the Sun (1984), which is set in Shanghai during the Second World War. I was already familiar with the story as Steven Spielberg’s 1987 film of the book had been one of my favourites whilst growing up – I even went in search of the runway built by the internees of the Japanese prison camp and retraced (as best you can in today’s modern metropolis) Jim’s walk from Lunghua Temple to the sports stadium (something perhaps to recount here in a future blog post sometime!). The novel certainly helped to kindle a growing interest in old Shanghai. When not working I’d spend my free time wandering around the streets between Zhōngshān Dōnglù 中山东-路 (the old Bund) and Rénmín Guăng Chăng 人民广场 People’s Square (the site of the old racecourse) where there are so many grand old buildings still standing from the era of the International Settlement and the French Concession; as well as the old shíkùmén 石库门 lanes of the original, and formerly walled, Chinese town. 

 

The Bund

In the early 1800s Shanghai had been a small and relatively unremarkable Chinese settlement on the banks of the Huangpu River, which flows into the Yangtze close to where the great river flows into the East China Sea. The foreign powers were granted ‘extraterritorial’ rights to reside and trade at Shanghai, and so a small settlement grew up on the mudflats next to the Chinese town. Over time it grew into one of the premier treaty ports, with its own municipal council, its own police force and volunteer self-defence force. Foreign merchants, banks, trading and shipping companies began to thrive here, erecting ever more grand buildings, particularly along the waterfront of the Bund. Many of the most prominent and well-to-do settlers built themselves grand villas in which to live. Back then, according to some accounts, life in Shanghai – dubbed the “Paris of the East” because of its decadence – seems to have been a heady and rare old time. Many historians, Robert Bickers undoubtedly being the foremost among them, have chronicled the settlement’s history from its small-time beginnings, through its hedonistic hey-day when (to quote Jim Graham) “there was opulence”, and its brutal subjugation during World War 2, to its dwindling decline before the Communist Party seized control in 1949 and put an end to the outsider-controlled capitalist adventure there. 

Nowadays Shanghai is booming once again. Much as it was in the 1920s, the old ‘ultra-modern’ buildings fronting the Bund are today mirrored by the ultra-futuristic skyscrapers on the Pudong side of the river. And, asides from Hong Kong – of all the places I’ve been to in China, this is the city where foreigners and foreign business can most prevalently be seen. Shanghai is once again a world city – reawakened, reshaped, and, renewed. 

 

By the time I returned for my second month long stay in 2008 my research had significantly progressed. This time I went wandering the streets of old Shanghai with a better informed eye. This time I was looking for specific sites which I knew were connected to the Kings. I wanted to try to retrace the old city as they might have recognised it. Shanghai is now a forest of gleaming skyscrapers and palatial shopping malls, but there is extreme poverty sitting side-by-side with the extravagance, a disparity which would have been a familiar sight in the King’s time as well. The constant, vibrant bustle and hubbub of the shopping streets must have resonated much the same in their day as it does now. The tall Sikh policemen directing traffic have long since been replaced by Chinese police officers. Hundreds of shabby looking taxis have replaced the old rickshaws. And almost all overseas travellers now arrive in these taxis from Pudong International Airport. In the days when the Williamsons and the Kings came and went here everyone would have arrived by boat. The Huangpu still teems with river traffic. Huge ships laden with all sorts of cargo, as well as river barges piled high with heaps of coal and so sunk perilously close to the gunwales doggedly motor up and down the busy channel from the point where the mouths of the Huangpu and the Yangtze meet before flowing into the sea. I took a boat down to this confluence point and back again, hoping to get a feel for what that initial arrival in Shanghai might have been like. 

 

It was fascinating to see all the shipyards along the river, busily employed in building vast ocean going vessels, between which crowded ferries still criss-cross the busy channel, and tiny fishing boats still sling their nets in the open waters close to the reed beds near the river’s mouth. At the mouth of the Huangpu in the midst of the channel there stands a lighthouse. I’m not sure how old it is, but judging by its architectural features it looks as though it has stood there a very long time, and it’s clearly still in use. It reminded me of Paul King, who mentions in his autobiography how he had helped in the first initiatives to light the Chinese coast, something which the Chinese Customs Service was charged with undertaking. Perhaps this was one of those original lighthouses?

My boat rounded the lighthouse and began to head back up the river towards Shanghai. I watched even more keenly now to get a sense of which old buildings would be the most visible amidst the mushrooming mass of glass and steel towers. And surprisingly enough the Bund is still quite a sight to behold as you round the bend in the river and those majestic old buildings slowly grow in size as you draw closer and closer. I felt the trip had given me a good sense of what that arrival might once have been like, not least because our boat started and finished from a landing stage a short distance from the old HSBC building and the Meteorological Signal Tower – the old waterfront landing points of the Bund revamped and still in operation.

The former British Consulate at Shanghai

The old British Consulate is located at the far end of the Bund beside the ‘Garden Bridge’ which crosses over the Suzhou Creek where it flows into the Huangpu. When I first found the former Consulate in 2008 it was a derelict old wreck. Only being able to speak a few bare words and phrases in Chinese I mimed a request to be permitted to wander round the site and take a look, but was duly waved away by the tired looking man who sat sweltering in a booth watching over the gate. So I tried to get as best a glimpse of the place as I could from the outside and managed to take a few snaps of the crumbling and forlorn looking buildings. When I knew I was about to return to Shanghai in 2010 I contacted my friend, Peter Hibbard, who specialises in the architectural history of Shanghai, to see if he knew whether or not there might be a way to arrange a proper visit by which I might get to see inside. He replied with the unexpected information that the place was currently under renovation, and sure enough when I arrived in Shanghai and wandered over that way to take a look I was stunned to see the extent to which the place had been transformed. Part of the old compound had been bought by the Peninsula Hotel Company (the original Peninsula Hotel, which opened in 1928, can still be found not far from the waterfront on the Kowloon-side of Hong Kong harbour). 

 

The former Consul General's Residence - 2008 & 2010

The carefully manicured lawns of the old Consulate had been brought back to life along with the old buildings of the Supreme Court and Consular Offices and the Consul General’s residence, which has been stripped back to expose its exquisite original brickwork. This time I was happily waved inside and allowed to snap away merrily with my camera. The structural renovations of the old buildings were entering their final stages and I could see workmen busy inside starting to refit the stripped interiors. Yet sadly the buildings I was most hoping to see were all long gone. On my first visit I had been unaware of the buildings to the side where the junior staff of the Consulate had resided. I’d first found out about these from a set of Works Office plans which I’d dug out from the Foreign Office archives. This was the building in which Louis would have lived, and which, presumably, I might well have walked past (if it was still standing) during my previous trips to Shanghai, but which was now quite definitely gone – a gleaming modern multi-storey palace of a luxury hotel now stood solidly in its place. Still, it was marvellous to see the rest of the Consulate revived and put to use rather than let to rot and collapse, or to see it bulldozed and erased altogether. 

 

The former Supreme Court & Consular Offices Building - 2008 & 2010

The former Shanghai Rowing Club, built in 1904

The Consulate, and the old Union Church building beside it (which had been gutted by fire in 2007), as well as the old Rowing Club (which Paul King had once been a member of), and the old ‘godowns’ and former Mission buildings along Yuanmingyuan Road, have all been restored as part of the general Shanghai renaissance which is still in the process of slowly transforming old Shanghai.

Further along the Bund the old Customs House, which Paul King would have known well, especially when he had served as Shanghai’s Commissioner of Customs, was rebuilt in the late 1920s. This ‘new’ building still stands today and it is still used by the Chinese Customs Service, although sadly it’s not one of those buildings along the Bund which one is allowed to step inside to take a peek at its decorated lobby. 

Shanghai Custom House, built in 1927

 

Holy Trinity c.1890 & 2010

 

Set a few blocks back from the Customs House is Holy Trinity Cathedral, which again has gone through an extensive renovation programme over the last few years, which, as with the Union Church already mentioned, has included the rebuilding of its spire. The original spire hadn’t yet been built when Paul and Veronica were married there in 1881. Holy Trinity is perhaps now better remembered for the Cathedral School which was attached to it. As a small boy growing up in Shanghai J.G. Ballard was a pupil here, as was his fictional alter-ego Jim in Empire of the Sun, and it was here that I made an unexpected find. A stone dedication plaque is set into the wall of the old school building. The lead metal inlay has all been teased from the lettering, but it is still readable nonetheless:

CATHEDRAL SCHOOL

HENRY LESTER ENDOWMENT

FOR BRITISH BOYS

AND CATHEDRAL CHURCH HOUSE AND HALL

THIS CORNER STONE WAS LAID BY

C.F. GARSTIN, ESQUIRE C.B.E.

BRITISH ACTING CONSUL GENERAL AT SHANGHAI

ON THE 19^TH DAY OF DECEMBER 1928

DEAN: THE VERY REVEREND A.C.S. TRIVETT, M.A. B.D.

TRUSTEES:

EDNEY PAGE. WILLIAM SEATON KING. PERCY W.O. LIDDELL

COMMITTEES OF ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT:

THE DEAN AND TRUSTEES. HIS HONOUR JUDGE SIR PETER GRAIN KT

SIR SIDNEY BARTON K.B.E., C.M.G. A.C. CLEAR. R. CALDER-MARSHALL., C. HARPUR

B. LAWSON. R.F.C. MASTER, DR E.L. MARSH AND E.L. ALLEN HON. SEC.

KUNG KEE & CO.                                 PALMER & TURNER

CONTRACTORS                                   ARCHITECTS”

There are two names of interest which caught my eye here. The first is that of C.F. Garstin, and the second is Sir Sidney Barton. Charles Fortescue Garstin, the Acting Consul General, was Louis King’s brother-in-law (so in my finding this it was a case of one brother-in-law finding another!). Garstin joined the Consular Service shortly before Louis in 1901, and later they both fought in France during the final years of the First World War as officers in the Chinese Labour Corps. Sir Sidney Barton was Consul General at Shanghai, and, presumably, he may have been away (perhaps on home leave?) when the dedication ceremony took place, hence Garstin’s name appearing on the stone as Acting Consul General (he was later a full Consul General himself at Harbin). 

A few streets away is a mock ‘Tudorbethan’ style building, Macgregor House, which bears a similar foundation stone laid in 1937 by Sir John Brenan K.C.M.G – who by that time had succeeded Barton as Consul General. Brenan had joined the Consular Service in the same year as Louis King (a picture of Brenan can be found in Peter Hibbard’s The Bund Shanghai: China Faces West (2008), p. 154). 

Another building which has recently been restored to something of its former glory and also its original purpose is the old Shanghai Club, which is now the very plush Waldorf Astoria Hotel. They have rebuilt the famous ‘Long Bar’ which Noel Coward is said to have jokingly claimed that “one could see the curvature of the earth along its length.” 

I sat in here one afternoon in 2010 escaping from the intense summer heat, nursing a couple of cocktails whilst trying to picture what it would have been like when Louis was a frequent customer there. Instead I found my thoughts drifting back through my own long stays in Shanghai – so much had changed in the city in just those few years between 2006 and 2010. It’s rather remarkable that after all the changes, and the upheaval and austerity of the last 60 years, Shanghai is now seemingly drifting back to what it once was – perhaps again it was that ‘genius loci’ which Louis King so often remarked upon staking its claim once more? I couldn’t help wondering, what might remain of old Tachienlu (Kangding) almost a century after Louis first set foot there? It was only a matter of days – my flight from Shanghai to Chengdu was already booked – soon enough, I would have the chance to follow in Louis’s footsteps and find out.

To be continued … Part III

China & Tibet - Through Western Eyes

My first peer reviewed academic article has just been published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society China. It examines the history of a family of writers who lived and worked in China at the turn of the last century. I’m actually related to this family (collaterally) and I originally began my research when I was asked to write a short piece for the British Museum Magazine quite a few years ago. It took me five years of research to be able to write that short piece and once begun it was a subject which had me hooked. That short article was simply the start.

One of the reasons why I originally began this blog was to chart and record some of my academic adventures such as this one, which has pretty much become my main project in life. I’ve been rather remiss in this particular aspect I have to admit, so over the next couple of months I’m hoping to post some more pieces here, detailing some of my research trips and my reflections on the processes of historical research as I begin to move beyond what began very simply as a personal investigation of family history into a broader topic of historical enquiry.

Part I

So, who were these people and what interests have they inspired in me?

Well, they were all members of the British community which settled in China after the Opuim Wars of the mid-nineteenth century. They were part of a vanguard of Westerners who, in their own words, were attempting to “open up” China (and the wider world), to expand trade into a truly global network. Western Imperial ambitions were part and parcel of this drive towards modernisation which saw the nineteenth century turn into a melting pot of industrialisation, commercialism, and the rise to pre-eminence of the nation state system. Our world in essence is the result of this era. What happened then still shapes and affects the global system which we have inherited, and which we and subsequent generations will continue to adapt. Exactly what the original vision of this nineteenth century project which emanated from Europe might have been, indeed – whether or not it had been anything so coherent in the first place, is a highly debatable issue around which more than a fair few historians have centred their entire careers. But, as with any era, the different forces – social, political, economic, religious, etc – which pushed and pulled, certainly combined to drive the dynamic which, as historians, we can now seek to pick apart and look at in detail; perhaps to better understand how we have come to live the way that we do now. In that sense, all history is essentially about finding out who we are. Consequently, I am equally as fascinated by personal ‘micro-histories’ as I am by the grander narratives of the rise and fall of certain dynasties, great battles, revolutions, uprisings, and, treaties, etc., etc.

My current research interests began with the family tales of two people – Louis Magrath King and Rinchen Lhamo. Two people from two very different cultures who married long ago, in a time when such marital unions were not necessarily “the done thing.” But to understand who they were, as well as how and why they might have met one another, I had to fill out a lot of background detail. He was British. She was Tibetan. They met on the Chinese-Tibetan borderlands. But why was he there? What was happening in that part of the world at that particular time?

Fortunately for me, they had both written books on their life and times. But in reading these I realised I still needed to read more widely in order to understand the bigger picture. All such micro-histories naturally sit within a larger narrative. As I began to search out history books on the subject so I began to shade in the details of the time, the place, the politics, etc. Simultaneously I began to flesh out the principal cast too. Archives, photographs, family memories began to people their world and bring character into these lives. Staring at blank faced sepia-toned formal portraits of unknown faces can be one of the most forbidding tasks for a historian, but finding these people’s own words written down, hearing memories passed down of what they’d been like, what their habits and foibles were, really helps to bring them back to life. After a while we can begin to picture them for who they once were – real living people; but, we have to be careful not to identify with them too much (especially if we are related to them!), as this may bias our understanding of who they were and what part they had played in that broader history which we are hoping to understand. Historical research is as much about constantly challenging your own thinking as it is about finding out facts.

To understand why Louis King was living in a remote village high up in the mountains of the Chinese-Tibetan border it’s best to start with his grandparents. The Reverend Alexander Williamson and his wife Isabelle were Scottish missionaries. They were some of the first Westerners to travel widely in China and write about their travels. I’ve mentioned Alex Williamson before in this blog, but to briefly re-cap – he is now best remembered for having founded ‘the Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge among the Chinese’, and he is also remembered as the author of two monumental volumes of travelogue, his Journeys in North China, Manchuria, and Eastern Mongolia, with some account of Corea (1870). But, in many ways, I think his wife, Isabelle, is perhaps more interesting (if sadly rather less well known), because Isabelle Williamson wrote her own much slimmer and more accessible volume on a part of their travels, in which she notes down much that is of particular interest today regarding the lives of Chinese women whom she met and befriended. Her book, Old Highways in China (1884), is a rare window into this aspect of past Chinese society. Happily both her book and her husband’s have recently been republished by Cambridge University Press.

 

Their daughter, christened Margaret but more widely known as Veronica King, was a well-known writer amongst the well-to-do circles of treaty port society; and her husband, Paul Henry King, was a prominent member of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. Well liked by Li Hong Zhang, a highly influential statesman in the court of the Dowager Empress, Cixi – Paul King was twice decorated for his service to China: first, by the Imperial Court with the Order of the Double Dragon, and, second, by the Republican Government with the Order of the Golden Grain. They were married at Holy Trinity Cathedral in Shanghai in 1881. 

Paul Henry King

Order of the Double Dragon (left) & Order of the Golden Grain (right)

Li Hong Zhang 

Customs House, Shanghai, 1893

Holy Trinity, Shanghai c.1890s

Louis was their fourth son, born in China in 1886 and schooled at Chefoo and then at Berkhamsted. He joined the British Consular Service in 1905, and began by following a fairly normal career path, gradually climbing up the ranks of the Consular Service ladder in China – first as a Student Interpreter at the British Legation in Peking, then progressing through the various Assistant grades at the British Consulate in Shanghai, and thereafter at various other treaty ports to which he was posted for varying periods of time, until his career took a decidedly unusual turn. In 1913 he was chosen to set up a new Consular outpost on the Chinese-Tibetan border. He was ostensibly sent there to observe cross-border trade, yet in truth he had been sent with secret instructions to gather and report back military intelligence; in other words, he was a spy. The reality though isn’t so much the characteristic kind of plotlines we’d expect from the pens of John Le Carré or Ian Fleming, as rather more like that of Rudyard Kipling’s Kim. Louis was now a small but not insignificant player on the fringes of what was known as ‘the Great Game.’

  

Chefoo School, c. 1915

  

The British Consulate, Shanghai

The Government of British India feared for the security of its domains – “the jewel in the crown” of the British Empire – in particular, they were most concerned about the threat of a Russian attack from the north, hence Tibet was increasingly an area of key concern. After the brutal incursion of the Younghusband Expedition in 1904 there were various attempts (both blundering and shrewd) to understand and so stabilise political positions, to demarcate territorial boundaries and thus fix lines drawn on maps – and so, Louis’s posting to the remote town of Tachienlu (present day Kangding in Sichuan; also known as Dartsendo in Tibetan) was intended as a means by which the British could keep an eye on Chinese intentions by monitoring troop movements in the region, as the status of Tibet at the time was far from clearly understood. Yet these lines on maps weren’t really the way Central and East Asian societies understood or defined their regional polities – borders and boundaries were more like moveable social entities, made up of different fealties and alliances, autonomous or semi-autonomous principalities and tributary peoples. (See: Carole McGranahan, 'From Simla to Rongbatsa: The British and the "Modern" Boundaries of Tibet' in The Tibet Journal, Winter 2003, Vol. XXVIII, No. 4, pp. 39-60). The British used to put up wooden or stone posts along the barren windswept hilltops to mark out the northern Indian border, but the local Tibetans when crossing these ridges no doubt saw them as handy beams or lintels which could be better used elsewhere – and so, knowingly or not, they used to infuriate the British officials by removing them every time a new set were put up!

  
Tachienlu (Kangding), by Zhuang Xueben, 1937

China at this time though was a highly unstable place. Civil war was raging in many parts of the country. The Central Government only had nominal control of certain regions, such as Sichuan and Yunnan, where in fact semi-autonomous local Generals held real sway, acting more like minor warlords within their own domains than regional governors. In the years before the nationalist revolution of 1911 which toppled the Manchu Qing dynasty the ailing Imperial Chinese Army had rather remarkably made a concerted push into Eastern Tibet, yet in the subsequent turmoil of the Republican revolution the Tibetan Army had countered this push and regained direct control of much of its former territory. Sporadic skirmishes were still being fought between the Tibetan militias and Republican Chinese Army units.

A posting to this remote and volatile region was sure to be ‘adventurous’ to say the least, and Louis certainly had his fair share of thrills and danger – the atmosphere of which can perhaps best be gleaned from a novel which he wrote many years later, titled The Warden of The Marches in the USA (originally published as By Tophet Flare in the UK). But the facts of Louis’s fascinating life are hard to piece together. They are scattered throughout a variety of archives, in once 'secret' official papers, half written memoirs, newspaper cuttings, brief mentions in other travellers accounts, letters, receipts, unmarked photographs, vague and foggy family anecdotes … To go in search of the facts of Louis’s life, and to make a proper attempt at piecing together the events of around 100 years ago I came to realise would – to clinch a cliché – require an adventure of my own. What had begun as a simple suggestion: why not write an article on how a group of Tibetan artefacts came to be a part of the British Museum’s collection and on permanent display in the Asia Gallery there? – soon turned into something far more complex and life consuming. Simply staring at faded and confusing photographs of far off Tachienlu (Kangding) wasn’t enough to unlock and understand this forgotten part of history. Books and archives can certainly offer a glimpse of times long since past, but to locate Louis and the key episodes of his life would require walking into those faded photographs in order to see and place him and his world – to find the essential ‘genius loci’ as he would have said. In 2010 I got the chance to do just that – I set out with my camera and a new notebook full of blank empty pages in which to record my trip to Kangding …

To be continued ... Part II

Further reading:

Rev. Alexander Williamson

Journeys in North China, Manchuria, and Eastern Mongolia; with some account of Corea (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1870) Recently republished (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)

Isabelle Williamson

Old Highways in China (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1884) Recently republished (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2010)

Madge King [Veronica King]

Cousin Cinderella: A novel (London: R. Bentley & Son, 1892)

William A. Rivers [pseudonym of Paul & Veronica King]

Anglo-Chinese Sketches (S.R. Menhenott: London, 1903)

Eurasia: A Tale of Shanghai Life (Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1907)

The Chartered Junk: A Tale of the Yangtze Valley (Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1910)

Paul & Veronica King

The Commissioner’s Dilemma: An International Tale of the China of Yesterday (London: Heath Cranton, 1929)

Paul King (edited by) [Two travel diaries by Rev. Alexander Williamson & Veronica King]

Voyaging to China in 1855 and 1904: A Contrast in Travel (London: Heath Cranton, 1936)

Paul King

In the Chinese Customs Service: A Personal Record of Forty-Seven Years (London: Heath Cranton, 1930) First published in 1924, by T. Fisher Unwin, London

A Resident in Peking [Louis Magrath King]

China As It Really Is (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1912)

Mrs Louis King (Rin-chen Lha-mo)

We Tibetans (London: Seeley, Service Co., 1926) Subsequent reprints have been published under the name: Rinchen Lhamo (New York: Potala Press, 1985)

Louis Magrath King

China in Turmoil: Studies in Personality (London: Heath Cranton, 1927)

By Tophet Flare (London: Methuen & Co., 1937) Also published in the USA under the title: The Warden of the Marches: A Tale of Adventure on the Chinese Frontier of Tibet (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938)

Tim Chamberlain

Edge  of Empires in The British Museum Magazine, 66 (Spring/Summer, 2010)

Books of Change: A Western Family’s Writings on China, 1855-1949 in The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society China, Vol. 75, No. 1 (2013)