The Dancing Girl of Izu

I can’t believe it has been ten years since I made this particular journey. The memories are so fresh it feels like it was just yesterday. I’m always reminded of this journey at this time of year, whenever I hear the sound of a sudden summer cloudburst pattering on the green leaves of tall tress. Without a breath of wind, the gentle yet intense sound of the rain the only thing breaking the stillness of the warm, heavy air. It’s like an echo in time.

On 8^th June 2005 we set out from Tokyo on the ‘Odoriko’ train bound for Izu. The Izu Peninsula is only a short distance west along the coast, originally formed from the ancient lava flows of nearby Mount Fuji. Izu is an idyllic spot, relatively sparsely populated given its close proximity to the vast megalopolis of Tokyo, it has a jagged coastline looking out over a beautiful turquoise sea, and the hills inland are covered with lush forests of maple and beech tress. It is a famous place for its hot springs, or onsen 温泉, of which there are said to be around some 2,300 or so.

Our first stop was the coastal town of Atami. A short bus ride up the steep hillside took us to the MOA Museum of Fine Art. To reach this very modern museum building you have to ride a sequence of escalators which ascend within the hillside itself. The fact that we were the only people travelling up enhanced the serene yet surreal sense that we were ascending into some sort of parallel dimension, yet at the top we emerged once again to a spectacular view looking down the steeply raked hillside to the sea.

The museum has a wonderful collection of ancient art, including a reconstruction of a famous golden tea room, based on an original tea room from 1586, in which Lord Toyotomi Hideyoshi entertained the Emperor Ogimachi. The museum itself is set amongst very beautiful grounds, with its own noh theatre stage, and it also has a small pond outside with water lilies growing within which originally came from the garden of French Impressionist painter, Claude Monet in France.

Here at Atami we stayed in a traditional ryokan 旅館, or family-run inn. This one was particularly special as in addition to the main ryokan building, with its large indoor ofuro お風呂 and outdoor rotemburo 露天風呂, or communal baths. It also had a few small, traditional-style wooden cottages tucked away amidst a garden which was carefully laid-out and quite ingeniously styled to make each cottage feel wonderfully secluded, even though the grounds couldn’t have been altogether very extensive in such a tight urban space. Rather than taking a room in the main lodge we took one of these little cottages.

Inside it was quite spacious, with tatami 畳, or woven-grass mat floors; shōji 障子, light sliding paper-screen doors, and its own small bathroom with piped onsen water. This ryokan was my first experience of a hot spring spa, and it was a revelation – it might sound daft, but I’ve never experienced water so thoroughly hot before! … It’s hard to describe adequately in words, but there is something almost supernatural about water which has been heated by subterranean thermal vents and then filtered through volcanic rocks before reaching the surface, still scalding hot, its steam scented with minerals and salts drawn from deep within the earth. I’m quite sure there is nothing which can ease and relax all the tensions from your muscles quite like the waters of a good hot spring! – That, combined with the perfectly honed hospitality of a traditional ryokan, is a real escape from the everyday ... A long soak in the hot waters, leaving you feeling relaxed and cleaner than ever before, followed by a beautiful and exquisitely presented feast, all freshly prepared with a careful combination of dishes, immaculately served, and washed down with a few cups of chilled sake will set you up perfectly for the night as you simply melt into the crisp covers of your futon 布団, breathing in the sweet aroma of the tatami floor all around you. I was out like a light!

The next day we took another train up to Mishima, where we had lunch in an old restaurant which had been run continuously by the same family since the Edo Period (1600-1868), then continued on to Shuzenji. From here we proceeded by bus up into the densely wooded hills to Amagi. Here we stayed at another ryokan which had a special association with the writer, Yasunari Kawabata (1899-1972). Kawabata is best remembered now as the first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1968. In my bag was a copy of one of his books – a collection of short stories which began with the tale of Izu no Odoriko 伊豆の踊子, ‘The Dancing Girl of Izu.’ 

The story begins at the very ryokan in which we were staying. The narrator, a young 20 year old student on a solitary walking holiday, meets a troupe of travelling entertainers from Oshima Island on the road. They become travelling companions, continuing on together from here to the coastal port town of Shimoda. One evening, whilst sitting on the stairs of the ryokan, he watches the youngest girl of the troop – ‘The Izu dancer’ – performing, and falls quietly in love with her. But as with so many of Kawabata’s stories the love is an understated and unspoken one, a silent romantic awakening which brings a kind of inner transcendence through both the joy and the pain of unfulfilled longing. It is a touching and much loved ‘coming-of-age’ story. Kawabata used to be a regular guest at this ryokan which is decorated with old sepia-toned photographs of him. His favourite room, which he always used to stay in, has been preserved and is now filled with his books and mementos of his most famous short story which, so the proprietors say, was inspired by actual events that took place here at this very inn.

“After we passed, I looked back at them again and again. I had finally experienced the romance of travel. Then, my second night at Yugashima, the entertainers had come to the inn to perform. Sitting halfway down the ladderlike stairs, I had gazed intently at the girl as she danced on the wooden floor of the entryway.” 

– Yasunari Kawabata, The Dancing Girl of Izu (1925).

Our room was high up in the building with windows looking down onto the narrow valley through which a small stream gently bubbled and rushed over grey rocks. The special feature of this ryokan is its outdoor rotemburo which, tucked discreetly out of sight of the main building, is set into the stream itself. There is a small wooden roofed shelter part-way down the garden at which the bather or bathers can disrobe from their yukata, a light summer kimono (each ryokan issues these to their guests and they are usually decorated with motifs associated with that particular guesthouse), which they leave there in specially provided baskets, along with their wooden geta 下駄 (a kind of sandal on little stilts) as all bathers at onsen go naked, and the communal ofuro are usually segregated – hence anyone else subsequently approaching down the path will notice the geta left there, but not knowing which sex the bathers might be (and also because it is only a relatively small bath), they will return to the guesthouse to wait until the rotemburo is vacant. Nobody stays too long in such a hot spring bath, mainly because they are often very hot! – But once out, one soon wants to get back in  again …

Naked communal bathing in Japan can be a bit daunting for a foreigner on his first occasion (speaking for myself here). The fear and trepidation of doing something wrong is ever present, especially being mindful of the heavy cultural importance placed upon all the elaborate ritual ablutions which one must thoroughly and ostentatiously be seen to perform before one even thinks of setting a foot in the communal bath. Cleanliness is indeed sacred in this regard ...

The first time I bravely ventured into one on my own (not here, but in Matsushima) I thought I was meant to leave even my glasses in the basket, but having walked a few paces towards the glass wall between the changing room and the baths I found I was so blind without them I couldn’t even discern which panel was the door; so deciding, even if I looked a fool, I would wear my specs into the bath, I went back and retrieved them – but my Laurel and Hardy routine only continued when I stepped through the door and my specs instantly steamed up! … Consequently I felt some sympathy when I read with amusement the following travelogue by Rudyard Kipling on his own experiences of visiting an onsen whilst journeying through Japan in 1889:

“Apropos of water, be pleased to listen to a Shocking Story. It is written in all the books that the Japanese though cleanly are somewhat casual in their customs. They bathe often with nothing on and together. This notion my experience of the country, gathered in the seclusion of the Oriental at Kobe, made me scoff at. I demanded a tub at Juter’s. The infinitesimal man led me down verandahs and upstairs to a beautiful bath-house full of hot and cold water and fitted with cabinet-work, somewhere in a lonely out-gallery. There was naturally no bolt on the door any more than there would be a bolt to a dining-room. Had I been sheltered by the walls of a big Europe bath, I should not have cared, but I was preparing to wash when a pretty maiden opened the door, and indicated that she also would tub in the deep, sunken Japanese bath at my side. When one is dressed in only in one’s virtue and a pair of spectacles it is difficult to shut the door in the face of a girl. She gathered that I was not happy, and withdrew giggling, while I thanked heaven, blushing profusely the while, that I had been brought up in a society which unfits a man to bathe à deux.” 

– Rudyard Kipling, From Sea To Sea (1900).

After a hot soak and a lavish feast in our room, which again was made up in the traditional Japanese style with tatami mat floors, sliding shōji screens and low tables, once the sun had set, we ventured out for a stroll. We had picked the right time to stay because that evening was the night of the annual firefly festival, the first night of the year when the fireflies magically emerge and take wing. A short distance down the hill from our ryokan there is a little island in the river which is joined by two bridges, one to each bank and renowned after a local legend of two forbidden lovers coming across the bridges to meet on the island in the middle. We were given a small paper lantern on a stick with a small candle inside by the little old lady who ran the ryokan with her family and set off into the night. Walking on geta is an acquired skill. It doesn’t take long to get the knack though, especially if you picture yourself as moving your feet and legs in the very deliberate manner a child’s clockwork toy-robot! 

Crossing the bridge to the island was a beautifully ethereal experience for me. It was as though I had stepped through a time-warp back to the Edo Period, as everyone there (including me) was dressed in their yukata, the patterns of which made it easy to discern how many different ryokan there were nearby. Through the stark black silhouettes of the tall trees we could see the stars twinkling high above, but down here in the pitch black shadows of the looming trees we could see the faint wavering trails of the fireflies, green glowing dots of light, like small constellations of wandering stars emerging both near and far. Gradually multiplying in number as the fireflies began to come out, their strange green lights flickering and fading in-and-out of varying degrees of brightness. As our eyes adjusted to the darkness we could see more and more of them. People were putting out their hands, gently encouraging the fireflies to take a momentary rest on their outstretched fingers. I was amazed at how big, black and ugly they were when someone lit a torch to take a closer look. Over on the far side of the other bridge a small local TV News crew periodically lit up a large arc lamp for a few moments to film the people milling about the island in their yukata, it was then that I realised I was the only westerner and indeed the only non-Japanese there.

After a while of watching the hypnotic dance of the fireflies over the rushing waters of the river amidst the gentle, murmuring rustle of the leaves overhead we began the climb back up the hill to our ryokan, where we went for a late night dip in the rotemburo. It was even more magical lying in the hot water with the surging flow of the ink-dark stream swirling passed on a level with the rock-lined bath, lying back and looking up to the bright stars through the dappled blackness of the maple leaves overhead, with an occasional stray firefly glinting through the arboreal darkness.

When we awoke the next morning I remember thinking I’d never felt so relaxed in all my life. The combination of bathing in the hot onsen with the scent of the tatami floor and the hinoki 檜 (Japanese cypress) and sugi 杉 (Japanese cedar) wood timbers of our room’s interior décor was wonderfully calming. I lay there reading Kawabata’s words, listening to the rush of water in the river below and the gentle patter of rain on the leaves of the tall trees outside coming in through the open window. I could well understand why he was so at peace staying here. His stories are all very much about images and feelings, such that his plotlines often feel rather open and inconclusive. In that sense, especially given the brevity of his signature so-called ‘palm of the hand’ stories, his writings are somewhat akin to the old Edo haijin 俳人, or haiku masters, such as Matsuo Basho and Yosa Buson. Eidetic windows into a world of subtly waking thought. A lightness and profundity pinned in perfect balance. It is this quality which I admire most, and it’s what draws me to Japanese literature. I feel a deep and genuine affinity for it. I hope one day my Japanese will be good enough to read Kawabata, and appreciate him properly, in the original Japanese, as I currently do in translation.

From here we bid farewell to the old lady innkeeper and her family, then set out on foot, following the path travelled in the story of Izu no Odoriko. Retracing the footsteps of the characters through the Amagi foot tunnel and on along the winding trails through the forest, encountering wonderful views of tumbling waterfalls along the way. I was very much hoping to see wild monkeys, but no such luck. The most exotic things we saw were colourful bugs and caterpillars, plus a bright orange snake crossing the trail. The snake looked mightily indignant at meeting us unannounced and so suddenly. After coiling itself up into a tightly miffed zigzag it proceeded to fling itself with comic abandon from the steep drop at the side of the trail into the undergrowth far below.

Eventually emerging from the forest, and now with a real appetite for lunch, we found ourselves happily at a small rustic roadside eating house which specialised in local deer meat. Here we ordered deer sashimi, and steaming hot bowls of delicious udon noodles, all washed down with a couple of much needed bin biru 瓶ビール (bottles of beer). From here we caught a couple of buses to Shimoda.

  

Shimoda is a small fishing port and resort town set at the southernmost tip of the Izu Peninsula. It has the sleepy holiday-feel of a seaside town. We wandered round its narrow streets, finding an ashi onsen (natural foot spa), where we could dip and ease our aching feet after our day long hike.

We later saw a second snake slithering down the side of an old wooden house beside a small stream. As the snake stretched itself out down the side of a window-frame I was able to gauge that it was well over two metres in length. It dropped into the water and zipped with lightning speed across the channel to the point where we were standing. Both it and we eyed each other warily as it rose up the stone embankment directly beneath us and then disappeared into the undergrowth. Passing by, an old lady out walking her dog asked us what was so intriguing about the thicket at the base of this tree, and when we told her she said there were lots of snakes around this area, and she always talked to them. She said we should do the same, “… because snakes are very intelligent, and they know; so you should always be friendly to them, never afraid, because – they know …”

Shimoda is perhaps most famous for its association with three westerners: Samurai William, Townsend Harris, Commodore Perry and his ‘black ships.’ 

William Adams (1564-1620), is actually more closely associated with the nearby port of Itō, but he is remembered locally as ‘Anjin’ (meaning “pilot”) as he was a seafarer – an Englishman, originally wrecked off the coast of Kyushu in 1600. He was a navigator and as such he found favour with Tokugawa Ieyasu, the future first Shogun of Japan’s Edo Period. He counselled Ieyasu on matters of western mathematics, navigation, and armaments. In return he was granted samurai status and given his own estate in Miura, near Yokosuka. It was at Itō, just up the coast, that he constructed and launched Japan’s first western-style fleet of ships. Adams himself sailed on diplomatic missions to places such as China and the Philippines on behalf of the bakufu 幕府, or Shogunate government. One of these ships was even believed to have sailed as far as Mexico. 

Much later Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858) arrived in Japan to a very different kind of welcome. For much of the Edo Period, under the Shogunate, Japan’s borders had remained firmly closed to outsiders, but the arrival of Perry in 1853 was to force a change to this policy. An American, Perry and his small force of soldiers negotiated a “Treaty of Friendship” that opened the way towards establishing trading rights for a small enclave of foreigners which later grew up at Shimoda before eventually moving up the coast to the more conveniently located Yokohama, not far from Tokyo itself (which was then known as Edo at that time). 

Townsend Harris (1804-1878) arrived in Shimoda in 1856 as the first American Consul to Japan. The controversial story surrounding Harris is still unclear, yet the bare facts seem to be as follows. Harris was a rather puritanical bachelor in his mid-50s who suffered from stomach ulcers. Local officials are said to have prevented a beautiful young girl of 17 years old, Saito Okichi, from marrying her intended fiancé and instead ordered her to attend to Harris – it is unclear exactly in what capacity this was originally meant to be, either as nurse, maidservant, or possibly as concubine; and it is also unclear if this was of the officials’ own doing or if they’d been prompted to it by a request from Harris himself. Either way Okichi was renowned locally for her beauty, and, as such, rumours soon arose regarding the nature of her association with the American. Tragically, whatever the truth of the circumstance, she remained tainted by this association long after Harris had left Shimoda, and consequently she turned to drink. She did marry her fiancé, but, because of her drinking, he later divorced her. She tried to open a restaurant in Shimoda, however, it failed soon after. She was then partly paralysed by an alcohol-induced stroke, and eventually in 1892 she drowned herself in a local river. There is now a small museum dedicated to Townsend Harris and the unfortunate Okichi. A small festival is also held every year in her memory. There is a different story though, which has it that Harris dismissed her after just three days.

The waterfront of the town is dotted with several memorials to Perry and his kurofune 黒船, or ‘black ships’, as well as monuments to Japan and the United States’ continuing diplomatic alliance and friendship. Yet wandering around the docks area of Shimoda I was more minded of the elegiac image at the end of Kawabata’s short story in which the student narrator departs for Tokyo by boat. He looks back to see the little dancer girl waving a white handkerchief. He can no longer make out her face across the distance, but he continues to watch as she waves him farewell. Izu is certainly an enchanted, and, equally, an enchanting place. Like the story of “The Dancing Girl of Izu” my memories of this trip will stay with me forever. A lingering, long-remembered set of lost images and feelings, framed within the warmth of my heart.

Betrayal in the High Himalaya - Sikkim & Tibet

I recently attended the launch events of two newly published books relating to the Himalayas. Although the two books focus on different countries they tell two similar tales concerning the regretful demise of two nominally independent Himalayan states – Tibet and Sikkim.

As the high era of Western Imperialism in East Asia was drawing to a close in the first half of the twentieth century many of the different polities in the region were vying to maintain or establish international recognition of their own sovereign legitimacy. In the wake of US President Woodrow Wilson’s speech of 11th February 1918, advocating ideas of national ‘self-determination’, and the active indigenous intellectual project of envisaging a future post-colonial era, this struggle for sovereignty meant that many smaller states and former protectorates found themselves precariously over-shadowed by their larger and more powerful neighbours.[1] Sikkim and Tibet being two distinct examples.

In 1913-1914 the Simla Conference attempted to establish international boundaries between British-India, Tibet and China

The boundaries of such polities had always been rather vague in Western terms. Not so much represented by lines on accurately surveyed maps, but rather delineated by a complex, web-like skein of distinct social, cultural, political, economic, and religious ties. During the long period of British administration in India, the Himalayan states to the north, despite being perceived as peripheral regions, nonetheless, were keenly watched as regions of great strategic importance, increasingly becoming the source of much imperial anxiety. In the so-called ‘Great Game’ of contesting empires the British had always looked warily towards these Himalayan states and repeatedly attempted to cultivate or coerce them, attempting to establish them as a kind of politically amenable ‘buffer’ zone between India, Russia, and China. But later, with the Russian Revolution of 1917, the withdrawal of the British from India in 1947, and the Chinese Communists finally securing control after a protracted civil war with the Chinese Nationalists in 1949, the immediate post-World War 2 era witnessed a new realignment of the geopolitical scene. India, the USSR, and China each jockeying for the consolidation of power and influence within the region. 

Surveys & Explorations - Himalayas & Central Asia, 1934

In 1950 the newly established Communist Government in China announced that the People’s Liberation Army, having secured the Chinese mainland, would now turn its attention towards the ‘liberation’ of Tibet from its long established feudal form of monastic government, and thereby bring Tibet firmly back into the Chinese fold. 

Meanwhile, in Sikkim the ruling Chogyal – aware that he was no longer protected by the former British system of administration in India – sought to establish and assert the legal status of an independent Sikkim along the same lines as those already recognised with respect to the neighbouring Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan. 

Yet, as these two books clearly demonstrate, neither situation was to end happily for those who considered themselves independent Tibetans or independent Sikkimese.

Tibet: An Unfinished Story

By Lezlee Brown Halper & Stefan Halper

(Hurst, 2014)

To mark the launch of Tibet: An Unfinished Story the book’s publishers, arranged an interesting discussion which brought together one of the book’s authors – Stefan Halper, with noted journalist and China Correspondent, Isabel Hilton, and Sir Richard Dearlove, former Head of the British Intelligence Service. 

The discussion ranged across the book’s main themes, examining the current situation in ‘Xizang’ or the ‘Tibet Autonomous Region of China’ and the diplomatic impasse between the Chinese Government, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, and the Tibetan Government-in-exile in Dharamsala, India. The authors are both academics based at Cambridge University, and Stefan Halper also previously served in the White House and the US Department of State, which meant that the discussion regarding today’s Tibet was a distinctly political one, covering a lot of highly contentious themes – not least the disappearance of the 11th Panchen Lama, aged just 6 years old in 1995 (which Isabel Hilton has herself written about[2]), and the recent rise in protests by ethnic Tibetans, particularly in the form of self-immolation, against the present system of Chinese administration within Tibet which is widely criticised as being stiflingly repressive. 

The discussion did also seek to place the contemporary situation within a broader historical context, whilst continuing to look to the future, not least given the uncertainties borne of the recent changes occurring in China’s increasing economic engagement with the wider world; speculating how China’s outlook may begin to change as it continues to open up as part of its continuing ‘peaceful rise’ as a burgeoning new global ‘superpower.’

In this light, rather than being an overarching history of Tibet, this book is primarily focussed upon an analysis of United States' Foreign Policy towards Tibet and India, specifically in the period after the close of World War 2. It examines in detail Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon's diplomatic engagement with the People's Republic of China in the 1970s. The role of India’s first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, also forms a pivotal focus for much of the central portion of the text.  The book does very briefly attempt to situate this period in relation to Tibet's long and remarkable history prior to this time (and concludes by giving some comment on recent events, for example – the unrest during the 2008 Beijing Olympics), but, it’s fair to say the authors deftly manage to cover this long and complex early phase of Tibet’s history in a rather slim set of pages at the start of the book, giving just enough detail to adequately reach its main period of focus which it then examines in much closer detail. In this sense, as might be expected given the authors’ backgrounds, Tibet: An Unfinished Story is essentially a political history of US diplomatic relations with Asia (and the CIA’s covert activities and involvement with the Tibetan-Khampa armed resistance effort) during the height of the Cold War era.

Uncompromising in its sympathy for the cause of Tibetan independence, whilst acknowledging that this has to a certain extent been mythologised as a perpetual ‘Shangri-La’ by an otherwise effectively disengaged West, this book is nonetheless a thoroughly researched and firmly grounded academic analysis – utilising both US and Chinese sources – to examine a deeply contentious and emotionally complex history.

Sikkim: Requiem For A Himalayan Kingdom

By Andrew Duff

(Birlinn, 2015)

An article in Time magazine published in 1959 observed that: “What happens in Tibet has always echoed in Sikkim.”

Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom by my friend, Andrew Duff, was published last month. The book begins as a simple travelogue in which the author embarks upon a trek through Sikkim to retrace the footsteps of his Grandfather, who had journeyed through the region in the 1920s, but a chance meeting with a monk at Pemayantse Monastery prompts Duff to delve deeper into the more recent history of this tiny former Himalayan kingdom. The compelling story which follows is essentially a political-biography of Sikkim’s 12th and last Chogyal (or King), Palden Thondup Namgyal, whose life was entirely dedicated to the struggle to maintain the semi-independent sovereignty of his native kingdom in the wake of the British withdrawal from empire in India in 1947.

In 1890, during the time of the British Raj, Sikkim had become a protectorate of the British Empire, a status which was nominally maintained after India gained independence and later affirmed in a treaty signed in 1950 with the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. As a suzerain state, Sikkim remained administratively autonomous whilst transferring control of its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications to India. Yet Sikkim could not escape the ever looming shadow of ‘Great Game’ machinations which continued between its larger neighbouring states. Diplomatic relations between the USSR, India and China – particularly after the Chinese took control of Tibet in 1950 – continued to remain fragile, and this air of uncertainty only seemed to heighten the geopolitical anxieties concerning the somewhat nebulous mix of different ethnic polities which reside in what was still very much perceived to be a highly vulnerable Himalayan border zone. Unlike neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan, which were both able to establish their own independent sovereignty in the eyes of the international community, Sikkim was essentially out-manoeuvred by political forces operating both within and outside its borders.

A discontented faction within Sikkim itself – lead by the Kazi and Kazini, Sikkim’s Chief Minister and his indomitable Scottish wife – increasingly began to agitate against the power of the Chogyal, pressing for a more democratic system of government. The Chogyal, relying on the support of the Indian Government, initially resisted but eventually reluctantly conceded to certain changes which began a process that gradually eroded the political influence and control hitherto vested solely in the monarch. But, in the long run, each of these parties was essentially out-manoeuvred by the Indian Government, under Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, who essentially very carefully laid the groundwork for a coup which was later staged by the Indian military in 1975. A referendum followed suspiciously swiftly in which a majority reportedly seemed to be favour of Sikkim relinquishing its sovereignty to become a state within India proper. Even though the anti-Chogyal faction and the monarch managed to come to an agreement at the eleventh hour it was too late, each had fallen foul of the duplicity of Indira Gandhi’s officials operating within both Sikkim and Delhi.

Despite keeping a keen eye on the sequence of events and confusing political developments taking place within Sikkim, officials in the US and the UK could offer little beyond sympathetic platitudes, whilst China and Pakistan used the situation as a rhetorical lever, as and when it suited their purpose, either to condemn India or absolve their own parallel actions in other contested regions. Sikkim was sadly seen as simply too small a pawn in the international politics of the region for its former friends and allies to be of much help in preserving its autonomy. Whereas Tibet had lost its autonomy under duress by direct force, as Duff demonstrates, Sikkim had somewhat unwittingly been progressively hoodwinked by a war of political stealth and attrition.

Andrew Duff very ably reconstructs the machinations of this era using a variety of sources and archive material, drawing in particular on the richly personable papers of two westerners, both women missionary school teachers from Scotland, who each lived and worked for a number of years in Sikkim throughout this turbulent period, and both of whom were close to the Chogyal and his second wife, the American Hope Cooke. Their marriage was originally a glamorous, oriental fairy-tale romance, reminiscent of American actress Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III of Monaco, but which eventually fractured under the personal and political strains of Sikkim’s struggle. Ultimately Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom is the story, engagingly told, of the tragedy which befell a colourful cast of individuals caught and completely churned over in the tumultuous wake of competing Cold War era leviathans thrashing out a new international order in the immediate post-colonial fallout of the mid-late twentieth century.

Read an interview in which Andrew Duff discusses Sikkim on the Asia House website.

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Read my review of Karl E. Ryavec's 'A Historical Atlas of Tibet' (University of Chicago Press, 2015) on the LSE Review of Books website. 

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[1] See, Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford University Press, 2007)

[2] See, Isabel Hilton, The Search for the Panchen Lama (Norton, 2001)